He observed that the State tends not to combat or promote civil society, but is more likely to welcome economic, labour and gender-related organisations rather than religious groups. Consequently, the relationship of the State with civil society is one of disinterest, as long as there are no regime-resisting protestations. Professor Kalayçioglu conjectured that a strategy of secular human rights-based activism by religious groups in the long term would likely be a more acceptable, non-threatening strategy for religious groups to become an integral part of Turkish civil society – based on the recent experience of women’s groups in the country.

The session was framed with introductory comments from Dr Amyn B Sajoo, the series organiser, and by Professor Azim Nanji, Director of the IIS, who compared the contemporary climate, 15 centuries into the Muslim calendar, with Christian Europe in the 15th century. The 9 papers presented as part of this Series span the Muslim world from Southeast Asia to the Maghreb and are scheduled to be published in 2002 by the IIS in a volume edited by Dr Sajoo.		Professor Azim Nanji
Dr Amyn B Sajoo	Information on all the seminars in the series can be found on the Civil Society Seminar Series pages. Information on forthcoming events and past conferences, seminars and public lectures are also available on the website. Extracts of Dr Amyn B Sajoo's Introductory Remarks to “Civic Culture in ‘Secular’ Turkey”.