2011 Professor Owen Wright On Music Epistles of the Brethren of Purity The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (Brethren of Purity), the anonymous adepts of a tenth-century esoteric fraternity based in Basra and Baghdad, hold…
2008 Nader El-Bizri The Ikhwān al-Ṣafaʾ and their Rasāʾil Epistles of the Brethren of Purity Ikhwān al-Ṣafaʾ (The Brethren of Purity) were the anonymous adepts of a tenth-century esoteric fraternity of lettered urbanites that was…